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jpa-patterns

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Spring Boot 中用于实体设计、关联关系、查询优化、事务、审计、索引、分页和连接池的 JPA/Hibernate 模式。

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skills/jpa-patterns/SKILL.md

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February 5, 2026

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Instructions

# JPA/Hibernate 模式

用于 Spring Boot 中的数据建模、存储层(Repositories)开发和性能调优。

## 实体设计(Entity Design)

```java
@Entity
@Table(name = "markets", indexes = {
  @Index(name = "idx_markets_slug", columnList = "slug", unique = true)
})
@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class MarketEntity {
  @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
  private Long id;

  @Column(nullable = false, length = 200)
  private String name;

  @Column(nullable = false, unique = true, length = 120)
  private String slug;

  @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
  private MarketStatus status = MarketStatus.ACTIVE;

  @CreatedDate private Instant createdAt;
  @LastModifiedDate private Instant updatedAt;
}
```

启用审计(Auditing):
```java
@Configuration
@EnableJpaAuditing
class JpaConfig {}
```

## 关联关系与 N+1 问题预防

```java
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "market", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
private List<PositionEntity> positions = new ArrayList<>();
```

- 默认使用懒加载(Lazy loading);必要时在查询中使用 `JOIN FETCH`
- 避免在集合上使用立即加载(`EAGER`);对于读取路径,优先使用 DTO 投影(Projections)

```java
@Query("select m from MarketEntity m left join fetch m.positions where m.id = :id")
Optional<MarketEntity> findWithPositions(@Param("id") Long id);
```

## 存储层模式(Repository Patterns)

```java
public interface MarketRepository extends JpaRepository<MarketEntity, Long> {
  Optional<MarketEntity> findBySlug(String slug);

  @Query("select m from MarketEntity m where m.status = :status")
  Page<MarketEntity> findByStatus(@Param("status") MarketStatus status, Pageable pageable);
}
```

- 使用投影(Projections)进行轻量级查询:
```java
public interface MarketSummary {
  Long getId();
  String getName();
  MarketStatus getStatus();
}
Page<MarketSummary> findAllBy(Pageable pageable);
```

## 事务(Transactions)

- 使用 `@Transactional` 注解 Service 方法
- 在读取路径上使用 `@Transactional(readOnly = true)` 进行优化
- 谨慎选择传播行为(Propagation);避免长事务

```java
@Transactional
public Market updateStatus(Long id, MarketStatus status) {
  MarketEntity entity = repo.findBy

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