drizzle-orm-d1

# Drizzle ORM for Cloudflare D1

**Status**: Production Ready ✅
**Last Updated**: 2026-01-20
**Latest Version**: drizzle-orm@0.45.1, drizzle-kit@0.31.8, better-sqlite3@12.5.0
**Dependencies**: cloudflare-d1, cloudflare-worker-base

---

## Quick Start (5 Minutes)

```bash
# 1. Install
npm install drizzle-orm
npm install -D drizzle-kit

# 2. Configure drizzle.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'drizzle-kit';
export default defineConfig({
  schema: './src/db/schema.ts',
  out: './migrations',
  dialect: 'sqlite',
  driver: 'd1-http',
  dbCredentials: {
    accountId: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID!,
    databaseId: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_DATABASE_ID!,
    token: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_D1_TOKEN!,
  },
});

# 3. Configure wrangler.jsonc
{
  "d1_databases": [{
    "binding": "DB",
    "database_name": "my-database",
    "database_id": "your-database-id",
    "migrations_dir": "./migrations"  // CRITICAL: Points to Drizzle migrations
  }]
}

# 4. Define schema (src/db/schema.ts)
import { sqliteTable, text, integer } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core';
export const users = sqliteTable('users', {
  id: integer('id').primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  email: text('email').notNull().unique(),
  createdAt: integer('created_at', { mode: 'timestamp' }).$defaultFn(() => new Date()),
});

# 5. Generate & apply migrations
npx drizzle-kit generate
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local   # Test first
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --remote  # Then production

# 6. Query in Worker
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1';
import { users } from './db/schema';
const db = drizzle(env.DB);
const allUsers = await db.select().from(users).all();
```

---

## D1-Specific Critical Rules

✅ **Use `db.batch()` for transactions** - D1 doesn't support SQL BEGIN/COMMIT (see Issue #1)
✅ **Test migrations locally first** - Always `--local` before `--remote`
✅ **Use `integer` with `mode: 'timestamp'` for dates** - D1 has no native date type
✅ **Use `.$defaultFn()` f